Prenatal And Routine Postnatal Hiv Screening - 1820 Words

I. Introduction Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) diagnoses are increasing among women in the United States; as a result there is an increase in newborns born with HIV via vertical transmission, accounting for nearly all pediatric AIDS cases in the US. Between 1999 and 2000, about 370 HIV infected infants were born, 40% of which were born to mothers who were unaware of their HIV status before delivery. Without antiretroviral therapy or other forms of intervention, 25% of infected pregnant women will transmit the virus to their child during pregnancy, labor or delivery, or after delivery. In recent years, systematic reviews and peer reviewed studies have suggested that mandatory screening for HIV in pregnant women is a cost-effective†¦show more content†¦The study found that with the prenatal screening program, requiring pregnant women be screened for HIV, more women would be tested (about 1.1 million), identifying 527 HIV infected pregnant women and prevent 150 mother-infan t transmission of HIV annually. This program would increase life years by 3,311 among newborns and cost an estimated $8,900 per life year gained, or $195,700 per case of HIV avoided. The new born screening program, requiring all newborn infants be screened, would result in 3.9 million infants tested annually and would prevent 266 cases of newborn HIV infection. This method would identify 1,061 HIV infected women who gave birth and increase life years by 5,878. The annual cost of the program is an estimated $40.9 million, or $7,000 per life year gained, and $153,000 per prevented HIV cases. The benefits of the newborn screening program decrease if pregnant women agree to participate in the prenatal program; however, it is argued that newborn screening is a non-consensual method of screening pregnant women (Zaric, G., Bayoumi, A., Brandeau, M., Owens, D. 2000). Similar to Zaric’s study, Josephine A. Mauskopf conducted a study on the impact of HIV treatment in pregnant women an d their newborns. Cost was defined and estimated as Zaric defined cost and the conclusions were

Race Riots Advancement for African Americans in America Essay

Race riots in America is a story told so little, but a story that is key to the hard work and road laid for African Americans. In the 20th century in times where we knew African Americans fought persistently for Civil Rights, seldom is their the story about the early 20th century. In the beginnings of the 20th century Riots broke out across all of the United States, over eight issues which included the following: Prejudice, Economic Competition, Political Corruption and Exploitation of Negro Voters, Police Inefficiency, Newspaper Lies about Negro Crime, Unpunished Crimes Against Negroes, Housing, Reaction of Whites and Negroes from War. Over the course of a span of fifty years more than eight riots broke out, including Wilmington race†¦show more content†¦Meaning there was an over throw of the government, kicking out all African Americans out of their political offices. History tells us in brief that the race riot began from Alexander Manly’s response about interracial relations claims made by Rebecca L Felton. â€Å"â€Å"When there is not enough religion in the pulpit to organize a crusade against sin; nor justice in the court house to promptly punish crime; nor manhood enough in the nation to put a sheltering arm about innocence and virtue----if it needs lynching to protect woman’s dearest possession form the ravening human beasts----then I say lynch, a thousand times a week if necessary.† Meaning White men are making it easy for African Americans to rape white women while they work out in their fields. Manly, a paper editor and owner of the Wilmington Daily Record responded to these claims, which are to be expected since he is mulatto. Manly responded stating that African American men are not rapist and push for these relations. Realistically we know this is not the only cause. Wilmington was a city on the rise, having the ability to be the biggest, richest urban city in America; Today’s Atlanta. The population consisted of strong middle class, and professionals; contrary to many people thoughts, All African Americans were not enslaved, poor or illiterate. Many former slaves moved to Wilmington following the war; to make certain that they could remain, there was a Freedmen’s Bureau office set up.Show MoreRelatedAfrican Americans : Slavery And Oppression1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe story(ies) of African Americans today and how their story(ies) have been shaped by slavery and oppression In the mid-1500s, European mariners started bringing black Africans to America as slaves. The slave trade was not new to Europe or Africa. In the eighth century, Moorish merchants traded humans as merchandise throughout the mediterranean. In addition, many West African people kept slaves. West African slaves were usually prisoners of war, criminals, or the lowest-ranked members of casteRead MoreRacism : A Racially Segregated Chicago1550 Words   |  7 PagesChicago had experienced few race riots prior to 1919. However, between April 1919 and October 1919, race riots spanned the nation; this became known as the Red Summer. On July 27, 1919, Chicagoans started to express their emotions on racial issues, which turned into violence, lasting several days and resulting in the deaths, injuries, and displacement of hundreds of people. During this time, Chicagoans opinions regarding racism led to extreme chaos, leaving African Americans and whites fighting withRead MoreRace Relations During The Early Colonization Of America1608 Words   |  7 PagesRace Relations in America Race relations are the ways in which people of different races living together in the same community behave towards one another. through the centuries race relations have played key roles in shaping our nation from the early colonization of America till now. American race relations started in early 1600’s when the English settlers arrived. We see the English arrive in North America where they attempt to establish themselves. Unfortunately the continent was already inhabitedRead MoreSuffrage of African Americans in Red Summer written by Cameron McWhirter1113 Words   |  4 PagesCameron McWhirter, we learn about the suffrage of African Americans after World War 1. At this time, blacks had been searching for peace and equality. Historian Cameron McWhirter in his book says, â€Å"many people—including black families with returning soldiers—fervently hoped 1919 would usher in a new epoch of peace, prosperity, and freedom.† Instead of getting what they wish ed for however, there was a series of violence such as lynchings and anti-black riots that swept around the country. World War 1Read MoreThey Say: Ida B. Wells and the Reconstruction of Race, by James W. Davidson. Ida B. Wells as a parallel to African Americans trying to gain empowerment in post-emancipation America1409 Words   |  6 PagesRECONSTRUCTION OF RACE By James West Davidson Ida B. Wells, an African-American woman, and feminist, shaped the image of empowerment and citizenship during post-reconstruction times. The essays, books, and newspaper articles she wrote, instigated the dialogue of race struggles between whites and blacks, while her personal narratives, including two diaries, a travel journal, and an autobiography, recorded the personal struggle of a woman to define womanhood during post-emancipation America. The novel,Read MoreThe National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) states its mission as: â€Å"The NAACP insures the political, educational, social and economic equality of minority groups and citizens; achieves equality of rights and eliminates race prejudice among the citizens of the United States; removes all barriers of racial discrimination through the democratic processes; seeks to enact and enforce federal, state, and local laws securing civil rights; informs the public of the adverse effectsRead MoreThe War For Equality During The 20th Century1218 Words   |  5 Pagesand Chinese out of America itself. In 1896 The Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson, determined separate public facilities were constitutional as long they were equal, allowing segregation of racial minorities. Segregated facilities rarely proved equal. While the Supreme Court ruling kept blacks out of white facilities, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the Chinese out of America. The Chinese Exclusion Act, renewed in 1902, made it increasingly difficult for Chinese to enter America, while also makingRead MoreRace Issues from 1877 to Present991 Words   |  4 PagesCorinne Cowan Professor Cox US History 16 December 2011 Race issues from 1877 to present There are five themes that persist throughout American history. The five themes are mission, manifest destiny, industrialization, imperialism, and race. Racism has been an issue throughout American history. Only in recent years has the problem been resolved, but even now there is still some issues. Some private groups are still against some races. Even though slavery was abolished in 1865 by the thirteenthRead MoreThe Freedom Of Struggles By Adriane Lentz Smith1250 Words   |  5 PagesAdriane had studied history and African American studies. She was successful in everything Adriane did, she had many goals to achieve. One of the goals were to get across one point about how war world 1 and African Americans goes to Europe with American expeditionary forces in World War 1. How the story was a critical movement in the book â€Å"freedom of struggles†. Adriane was an aggressive and powerful writer and wanted everyone to hear her story on African Americans going to war, how back in timeRead MoreNational Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1042 Words   |  5 PagesNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) The mission of the NAACP is to protect and provide the political, educational, social, and economic equality rights of minority groups and citizens; attain equal opportunity of rights and excludes race discrimination between the citizens of the United States. The objectives of this mission are to inform the public of the adverse effects of racial discrimination and to seek its elimination, to seek enactment and enforcement of federal

The Flowers Free Essays

†The Flowers† by Alice Walker Summary: â€Å"The Flowers† 1973 is written by Alice Walker who is an Afro-American author. â€Å"The Flowers† is a short story about a girl named Myop. Myop is a black 10-yeard old girl who lives on a farm with her poor sharecropper family in the countryside. We will write a custom essay sample on The Flowers or any similar topic only for you Order Now She staggers around and plays with animals and discovers beautiful nature in her pleasuring never-ending childhood. But while exploring the land she lives near with flowers in her hands she accidently discovers a horrible crime. The remains of a hanged man reveals in the soil. She lays down her flowers and the summer was over. Analysis: When the ignorance of an innocent child collides with the harsh reality of the miserable slave-history, will the idyllic life, flourishing hopes and dreams of the little ones, soon be gone and forgotten. But this loss of innocence is likely to be replaced by maturity, which makes a clear distinction between child and adult. The story is written as a 3rd person omniscient narrator. The harvesting of corn, cotton, peanuts and squash indicates that the story takes place in the Southern states since these crops were commonly harvested there. Myop and her family live in sharecropper cabin with rusty boards that could indicate that they are poor. Therefore it’s likely that the story is taking place in the 20th century where racial discrimination was at its peak. In the beginning of the story there is dominating use of positive phraseology and the environment is described idyllically. â€Å"†¦ Made each day a golden s urprise that caused excited little tremors to run up her jaws. †3 This idyllic description is also equivalent to how peaceful Myop is enjoying her childhood. She seems to be unaware about her presence in the American society where there was an explicit difference between the black and white. The author tries to describe this racial problem symbolically when she mentions how â€Å"tiny white bubbles disrupt the thin black scale of soil†¦ † But the idyllic setting drastically changes at line 18 when Myop finds herself more than a mile away from home. She is walking further away from her secure surroundings. Now the there is negative use of phraseology such as; Strangeness, not pleasant, gloomy, cove, damp air, silence, close and deep etc. She is no longer secure. When trying to escape the strangeness she steps on her history and reality and she is forced to face the suppression for her first time, this is the symbolic meaning of the corpse she steps on. The man is obviously black since he has been lying there rotten and totally forgotten. His blue denim overall cloths also indicates that he was a black poor farmer or slave. Back in the 1960’s the Ku Kux Klan (KKK) executed a lot of executions where they hang black people in the woods. She tries to ignore this ‘reality and suppression’ when reaching out for a pink flower that she associates with her secure childhood. When she notices the hanging noose spinning restlessly in the breeze she lays down the flowers – laying down the flowers symbolizes Myop letting go of her innocence and secure surroundings. â€Å"And the summer was over† means that her childhood is over and she is entering the life as an adult. T Note 1: Line 1 Note 2: Line 2-3 Note 3: Line 2-3 Note 4: Line 10-11 How to cite The Flowers, Papers